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Comparison of the Effectiveness of Play Therapy and Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) on Emotional Disorders in Children with Nocturnal Enuresis
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Shiva Khalili   , Biuk Tajeri * , Sara Pashang , Maryam Kalhornia Golkar |
| , Biuk.tajeri@kiau.ac.ir |
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Abstract: (30 Views) |
Background: Nocturnal enuresis is among the most common childhood disorders, characterized by involuntary urination during sleep after the age at which bladder control is expected, and it entails considerable emotional consequences. The present study compared the effectiveness of play therapy and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on emotional disorders in children with enuresis.
Methods: This quasi-experimental study employed a pretest–posttest design with follow-up. The statistical population comprised all 7–10-year-old children with nocturnal enuresis who attended counseling centers of the Ministry of Education in District 5 of Tehran. Convenience sampling was used; forty-five children were selected and randomly assigned to three groups of 15. Instruments included the Rutter (1991) Emotional–Behavioral Problems Questionnaire, Gerald’s (1999) play therapy protocol, and the tDCS protocol by Green et al. (2020). Data were analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVA and the Bonferroni test.
Results: Significant differences were observed among pretest, posttest, and follow-up scores for emotional disorders across the three measurement points (P<0.05). Both treatment methods (Play Therapy and Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation) produced significant effects on emotional disorders compared with the control group. Bonferroni results showed that, based on adjusted means, play therapy was more effective than tDCS in reducing emotional disorders in children with enuresis (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Both interventions—play therapy and tDCS—can reduce emotional disorders in children with nocturnal enuresis; however, because play therapy more directly targets children’s emotions, it was more effective for treating enuresis. Therefore, both approaches—especially play therapy—can assist practitioners in this field.
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| Keywords: Emotional disorders, Play therapy, Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), Children with nocturnal enuresis |
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Type of Study: Pediatric and Neonatal Nursing |
Subject:
behavioral sciences
Received: 2025/09/27 | Accepted: 2025/12/6 | Published: 2025/12/1
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