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Introduction: The knowledge of nursing is an essential part in nursing practice. Nursing knowledge, over the years influenced by philosophical thought, and has been changed a lot. The main aim of this article is, exploring the development of nursing knowledge in the age of postmodernism. Method: To find relevant sources, library studies and review the books available databases include (CINHAL), (Blackwell), (Proquest), (science direct), (Ovid), (Magiran), (web of science), (pub med) from the Tehran University of Medical Sciences Electronic Library and available book in the faculty of nursing library were searched by keywords (postmodernism) (knowledge development), (science development), (nursing knowledge) (nursing science) separately and in combination in the title, abstract and keywords. (36) Full Article and (10) relevant books from 1990 to 2012 were used as the source. Results: Development of nursing knowledge is obvious in research methodology, intuition, and health care service. All these are because of postmodern bases such as pluralism, relativism, met narrative, and discourse. Conclusion: Being aware of development of nursing knowledge provide a new vision for professionals in nursing that lead to professional progress and promotion in nursing practice.

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Introduction: Comparison of the geriatric nursing with other curriculums may help to identify strengths and weaknesses of the program and provide an opportunity to improve the program and competition. This study aimed to compare the geriatric nursing curriculum in Iran and USA.
Methods: This descriptive comparative study was conducted in 2014 by using the Brody's four steps pattern. The two curriculums were selected among geriatric nursing education curriculums using the purposeful sampling method in Iran (Tehran University of Medical Sciences) and USA (John Hopkins University). Information on the web page of the two universities was used for comparison of the two curriculums in 2014. Comparative elements were the mission and objectives, course contents, student admission, graduate working opportunity, and tuition.
Results: The results showed differences and similarities among the two curriculums. In Iran, the main focus of program was on clinical, teaching and research areas and students were admitted through norm testing, which is centralized. In USA, admission was followed by a decentralized pattern and students posed selection criteria. The curriculum in USA was presented separately by focusing on prevention and clinical areas.
Conclusions: According to the findings of the present study, using a decentralized method and considering multi-criteria for admitting student, defining objective working opportunity, defining program for clinical setting and community health care separately, designing an educational program for tutor and researcher training, to improve geriatric nursing graduate programs are offered in Iran.

 

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Introduction: Nursing is one of the noblest careers in the world. Nurses have a positive attitude towards the nursing profession all around the world. High self-confidence induces a feeling of power, a positive attitude towards one’s job, and a better future prospect in nursing students. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between self-confidence of nursing students and their attitude to the nursing career.
Methods: This work was a descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional study conducted during the academic year of 2016 and 2017. In this regard, 180 subjects were chosen among the students from the nursing and midwifery faculties of Shahid Beheshti University of Tehran and Iran University of Medical Sciences. The required data were collected based on a self-report approach and using a demographic questionnaire, Rosenberg self-esteem scale, and questionnaire of Banaderakhshan et al. about the attitude to the profession. A satisfactory 0.77 internal validity and an 88.0 to 82.0 reliability through test-retest correlation were estimated for the Rosenberg self-esteem scale. Moreover, Alizadeh et al. (2006) reported the internal consistency coefficient or Cronbach’s alpha as 88.0 to 77.0. Content validity and reliability of the questionnaire of Banaderakhshan et al. about the attitude towards one’s profession were approved by the test-retest method and analysis in a study conducted by Banaderakhshan et al. (2006). Data were analyzed using the IBM SPSS version 16 software. The mean and standard deviation statistics, independent t-test, and Pearson correlation test were used to analyze the data.
Results: The findings of this study showed that attitude towards the nursing career is more positive among female students and students with a higher education grade (P-value = 0.001). In addition, the results of Pearson correlation test showed a positive and significant relationship between self-confidence of nursing students and their attitude towards the nursing profession (P < 0.001).
Conclusions: According to the results of this study, it is suggested that implementing measures, such as social skills training, are required to identify the potential talents of students and provide the conditions to activate these talents, to use student’s thoughts and opinions in decision-making, and to meet their spiritual needs for enhancing their self-confidence and providing appropriate educational opportunities.

 

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Introduction: Nursing is a caring profession and nurses need moral courage to provide safe and professional care to clients.
Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the moral courage of nurses and related factors.
Methods: This descriptive analytical study was conducted among nurses working in the educational hospitals in Tehran in 2016. A sample of 360 nurses was selected by quotas and convenience sampling. Data were collected by self-report method using demographic questionnaire and moral courage questionnaire of nurses. Data analysis was done using SPSS Ver.16 software and descriptive and analytical statistics at a significance level of p <0.05.
Results: Most of the nurses (76 %) have high moral courage (412.42 ±42.65). the score of dimensions was as follows: Moral self-actualization(230.85±30.74) , risk-taking (139.40±19.97), and the ability to defend the right (42.39±7.71). There was a significant correlation between
age,working experience, position, working shift, employee status, and participation in professional ethics courses with the dimension of moral courage (P˂0.05).
Discussion and Conclusion: according to the findings, participating in professional ethics courses, and the demographic and occupational variables should be considered in staffing and scheduling.

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Introduction: Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women. Mastectomy as a primary treatment changes the quality of life. Self-care plays an important role in promoting health behaviors. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of self-care program on quality of life in women with Breast Cancer having mastectomy.
Methods: This semi-experimental study was performed with before and after design and control group among women with Breast Cancer having mastectomy referred to Imam Khomeini Hospital in 2020. Sixty patients with inclusion criteria (30 in the intervention group and 30 in the control group) were selected by convenience sampling method and randomly assigned to the intervention and control groups using a quadruple block. Data were collected by self-report method using demographic questionnaire, specific quality of life questionnaire, before and three months after the intervention. The intervention included 6 sessions of 45-60 minutes of virtual self-care training (simultaneous and asynchronous) for the intervention group. The control group received the usual training of the research environment. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS Ver.22 software and inferential statistical methods of Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Fisher exact test, independent t-test and chi-square, paired t-test, Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon tests were used.
Results: The results of independent t-test showed that the quality of life score before the intervention was not significant between the experimental and control groups (p = 0.009) but after the intervention there was a significant difference (p <0.001). The intervention caused a 21.80% increase in quality of life in the intervention group, but these changes showed a decrease of -10.06% in the quality of life in the control group.
Discussion and Conclusion: Self-care program training in women with Breast Cancer having mastectomy can increase and improve their quality of life. it is highly recommended to focus on the self-care in the care and training programs of the target group in inpatient and outpatient centers and community.

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Introduction: Adherence of home care nurses to ethics in care, while improving the quality of nursing care, also improves patient satisfaction. Therefore, nurses must have ethical in care competency. The purpose of this study is to explain of ethical competency in care at home.
Methods: The qualitative content analysis study is conventional that was conducted in home health care centers in Tehran in 2020, With purposive sampling, 15 home health care nurses were selected and data were collected using semi-structured individual and in-depth interviews, sampling continue to data saturation. Then, the analysis was performed by the method of conventional content analysis in accordance with Zhang's (2009) approach.
Findings: Content analysis of the data led to the extraction of the 187 cods, 23 subcategories, 5 categories and one theme of ethics in home care that included five categories: Commitment in ethical practice, Ethical decision-making, Respect for patient rights, Care based on patient culture, and Maintaining patient autonomy.
Conclusions: The findings of the study is ethical competency of home health care nurses, which contributes to practice nurses can assess their professional activity and completed and refined your practice , That the  result is to improve the quality of care and increase patient, family and nurses satisfaction.