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Introduction: Most of studies on quality of life in Iran have been conducted using SF36 questionnaire. Even though its efficiency has been demonstrated in different studies, but using shorter instruments with easier application, particularly for elders could be more suitable. The present study therefore was conducted to assess and compare quality of life of patients with femoral neck fractures, measured by two questionnaires of SF36 and EQ5D. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 70 elders with femoral neck fracture. EQ5D and FS36 questionnaires were used to assess the general health related quality of life. Data were analyzed using statistical tests like Chi square, T-test, analysis of variance, Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficient. Results: Totally, 70 elders with a mean age of 73.15 years (ranging in age from 60 to 90 years) were participated in the study. The mean score of quality of life was 43.58±15.76 measured by EQ5D and 35.15±12.50 for SF36. The Spearman correlation coefficient was 0.76 (P=0.000). Conclusion: Considering the results which showed quality of life scores measured by two instruments were correlated, it is suggested to use EQ5D in accessing quality of life of elders with femoral neck fractures, in view of being shorter and simpler. Meanwhile, the study revealed the low quality of life scores in elders with femoral neck fractures, which calls healthcare workers to plan for improving the situation.

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Introduction: Elder abuse by family members particularly where family provides care to an aging relative has been addressed as a serious problem by most societies. Considering the importance and prevalence of the issue, exploring lived experiences of elders in this regards is necessary to have a better understanding of elder abuse phenomenon. The study aimed to explore experiences and perceptions of elders regarding their abuse by family members. Methods: A qualitative study using hermeneutic phenomenological approach was employed to conduct the study. Unstructured interviews were undertaken with fourteen elderly community dwellers of Tehran city. In-depth interviews were taped and transcribed verbatim and analyzed using van Manen method. Results: Four themes were identified including: ‘being deprived of human rights and dignities’, ‘smashed up integrity’, ‘silent suffering’ and ‘painful ending’. Conclusion: The lived experience of the older adults evidenced elder abuse as a deprivation from the human rights and dignity which could result in negative physical, psychological, and socio- economical consequences, decreased quality of life and tough ending which they bear it in silence. The findings reveal significant concepts in providing care to elders and could contribute in increasing capabilities of healthcare workers specially nurses to assess, intervene and prevent it appropriately.

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Introduction: Cancer is one of the three health issues of the society and the third cause of mortality in Iran. Food habits play a significant role in preventing cancer. The present study therefore, was carried out to assess food habits of Tehran citizens for cancer prevention. Methods: This study is a cross- sectional study was conducted with a sample of 2500 Tehran citizens who were recruited through systematic cluster random sampling. Data were collected using questionnaires including demographic factors and food habits. Validity and reliability of tool was gained through content validity and Alfa-Cronbach test. Data was collected in one time occasion and in person. All statistics were computed by the SPSS software using descriptive and inferential tests. Results: The showed demonstrated that the 38.2% of Tehran citizens had their BMI at the level of being overweight and upper. The food habits for cancer prevention were relatively appropriate for most of them (61.3%), but no one was at the desired level. Conclusion: Concerning the study results that no one had proper food habits for cancer prevention, public education and increasing awareness of people in this regards by ministry of health, cancer institutes, mass media, educational system, ministry of labour and social affairs is strongly recommended.

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Introduction: Cognitive disorders are one of geriatrics outcomes that can cause a vast spectrum of disorders in older people. This change in cognitive function may see as an early sign before behavioral manifestations. Thus early diagnosis in high risk older people can be an important step in prevention in cognitive disorders and disabilities in this population. The purpose of this study is assessment of older people cognitive status based on demographic characteristics. Methods: This study is a cross-sectional, descriptive study that was conducted in 1389-1388 in Rasht. 194 older people that retired form governmental organization participate in that and were selected in regular randomized sampling. The instrument for gathering data was Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) that has 5 parts in orientation, data recording, concentration and calculation, remembering and verbal skills. Data were assessed after gathering and were analyzed by SPSS v.16 and Kruskal Valise, Man Whitney U and Spear man statistical test. Results: The findings showed that among 194 older people 70.6 percent were man and 29.4 percent were women. 91 percent of illiteracy older people had normal cognitive status, 7.5 percent of them had mild cognitive disorder and 1.5 percent of them had moderate cognitive disorder. Among graduate persons, 82 percent had normal cognitive status, 17.3 percent had mild cognitive disorder and 0.8 percent had moderate cognitive disorder. Among demographic character (age, sex, marries, education and morbidity) cognitive status has a significant correlation with age (P<0.03), marriage status (P<0.002) and education (P<0.0001). Conclusion: The study showed that cognitive status assessment by health care professionals can help in detecting the high risk patients and promote their caring. Moreover it can help to potential senilement health care and help to delay in starting and progressing cognitive disorders among older people.

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Introduction: Comparison of the geriatric nursing with other curriculums may help to identify strengths and weaknesses of the program and provide an opportunity to improve the program and competition. This study aimed to compare the geriatric nursing curriculum in Iran and USA.
Methods: This descriptive comparative study was conducted in 2014 by using the Brody's four steps pattern. The two curriculums were selected among geriatric nursing education curriculums using the purposeful sampling method in Iran (Tehran University of Medical Sciences) and USA (John Hopkins University). Information on the web page of the two universities was used for comparison of the two curriculums in 2014. Comparative elements were the mission and objectives, course contents, student admission, graduate working opportunity, and tuition.
Results: The results showed differences and similarities among the two curriculums. In Iran, the main focus of program was on clinical, teaching and research areas and students were admitted through norm testing, which is centralized. In USA, admission was followed by a decentralized pattern and students posed selection criteria. The curriculum in USA was presented separately by focusing on prevention and clinical areas.
Conclusions: According to the findings of the present study, using a decentralized method and considering multi-criteria for admitting student, defining objective working opportunity, defining program for clinical setting and community health care separately, designing an educational program for tutor and researcher training, to improve geriatric nursing graduate programs are offered in Iran.

 

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Introduction: Psychosocial factors have a significant role in prognosis of patients with heart failure. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between psychosocial factors and self-care behaviors among elderly with HF.
Methods: In this study, 184 elderly with HF were selected using the convenience sampling method from 4 teaching hospitals of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). Social support was assessed using Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS). To assess self-care behaviors, the European Heart failure Self Care Behaviors (EHFSCB) questionnaire was used. Statistical analysis was performed using the t test, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Fisher’s exact test, gamma test, and logistic regression of the SPSS version 16.0 software.
Results: The mean self-care score was 31.86 ± 8.09 (minimum 13 and maximum 54) with 95% CI 30.68 to 33.04. Living status (P = 0.001), income (P = 0.003), and prior experiences (P < 0.001) were found to have significant relationships with self-care behavior. Among elderly, who did not take good care of themselves, odds ratio of depressive symptoms was higher (P < 0.001) and the mean of MSPSS score was lower (P < 0.001).
Conclusions: Regarding the results of this study, recognition of psychosocial factors of self-care behaviors among elderly with HF seems necessary.

 

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Introduction: Falls in the elderly cause all kinds of damage that may lead to dependence, lower self-efficacy, depression, daily activity limitation, hospitalization or admission to nursing homes and the cost to individuals and society. This study aimed to investigate the effect of fall preventive programs, falling frequency and quality of life in the elderly living in nursing homes in Khorramabad and Ilam cities.
Methods: This semi-experimental study was conducted on 50 elderly people living in two nursing homes in Khorramabad and Ilam cities. Duration of interventions was two months and then four months follow-up after the interventions. The intervention included exercise programs (stretching, balance, strength and Pilates), training for older people, and staff and environment reforms. Data collection tools included demographic data form, form of frequency of falling in the last 6 months, fear of falling questionnaire (FES), and SF-36 quality of life in the form of 36 questions. Data were analyzed using independent and paired t-test, Wilcoxon, Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis and Spearman correlation coefficient by the SPSS 18 software.
Results: The mean age of the participants was 69.63 ± 8.71 years. Results showed that the mean and standard deviation of fear of falling before and after the intervention were 65.86 ± 11.03 and 48.74 ± 9.84, respectively (P = 0.0001). The mean and standard deviation of the number of falls before and after the intervention were 2.56 ± 1.09 and 1.5 ± 0.707, respectively (P = 0.0001). Also, the mean and standard deviation of the quality of life before and after the intervention were 36.26 ± 13.65 and 56.21 ± 11.67, respectively (P = 0.0001).
Conclusions: The results showed that implementing fall-preventive programs in the elderly can reduce the frequency of falls, and fear of falling and improve the quality of life of the elderly living in nursing homes. Therefore, this issue needs more attention and care on a massive scale, including training and paying attention to the elderlies' living places and removing environmental risks.

 

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Introduction: Chronic hypertension is one of the most common physical problems during elderly, which usually requires lifelong treatment. The patient's adherence with the treatment regimen is one of the behaviors associated with the disease that predicts its successful treatment and reduces its adverse effects and severity. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between health literacy and adherence to the treatment regimen in elderly with hypertension.
Methods: This is a descriptive correlational study that was performed on 313 elderly patients with hypertension referred to clinics of selected hospitals in Tehran. Patients who met the inclusion criteria were selected using convenience sampling method. Data collection was carried out using demographic characteristic scale, Short Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults (STOFHLA), and Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS). Data analysis was later performed using descriptive statistics, frequency distribution table, and inferential and correlation tests in SPSS 22.
Results:In this study, 42.5% of elderly patients with hypertension had inadequate health literacy. The mean and standard deviation of their health literacy score was 44.75 ± 11.91. A total of 60.7% of patients had poor medication adherence. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between health literacy and adherence to treatment regimen. The findings indicated that adherence with the treatment regimen increased health literacy by 4%. Also, there was also a significant relationship between both health literacy and mediation adherence variables and some factors such as education level.
Conclusion: According to the results of the study, indicating the resulting low level of health literacy and its direct correlation with medication adherence, it is necessary to pay more attention to health literacy and increase individuals' awareness and education at societal level in order to reduce the complications of chronic diseases.

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Introduction: The several studies have shown the influence of physical activity in improving elderly people’s mental and physical functioning
The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of Tai Chi Chuan exercises on happiness in elderly men
Methods: The present study was a randomized clinical trial that was carried out among 132 elderly people membered in Pakdasht retirement center, Tehran in 2017. Subjects were selected using purposeful sampling method. Subjects were chosen through purposive sampling and assigned randomly to experimental (n=66) and control groups (n=66). Tai Chi Chuan exercises was performed to the experimental group for 8 weeks (3 times a week). Data were collected using the oxford happiness’s questionnaire before and after the intervention. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, T-test, Chi-square tests, and Fisher's Exact Test in SPSS21.
Results: The mean of anxiety in the experimental group was 41.31 ± 41.31 before the intervention, whereas it was 55.89 ± 7.21 after the intervention. The mean scores of stress among the participants showed significant difference pre and post-intervention in the experimental group (P<0.05). However, this difference was not significant in the control group (P=0.86).
Conclusion:The findings indicated that Tai Chi exercise increased happiness in the elderly men. Therefore, it is suggested that Tai Chi as one form of physical activities should be used more commonly for promoting happiness and mental health profile of the elders.

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Introduction: Elderly patients undergoing hemodialysis experience anxiety due to the pain of the insertion of dialysis needles, which might lead to complications for them in the long term. It is therefore essential to control their pain through a simple, safe method. The present study was conducted to determine the effect of audio distraction technique on pain during arteriovenous fistula cannulation in hemodialysis elderly patients.
 Method: The present study was a quasi-experimental one, carried out on 70 elderly patients undergoing hemodialysis with arteriovenous fistula at Ghiasi Hospital, during 2017. The elderly patients were selected by convenience sampling method and were randomly divided into two control (n = 35) and experimental (n = 35) groups. The audio distraction technique was designed to reduce pain, and was carried out during three sessions. The control group received routine care. Additionally, the data collection tools were the questionnaire, the demographics, and the Numeric Rating Scale Brief. The intensity of pain was measured in all the elderly patients in three different states during the insertion of arterial needles for hemodialysis. For analyzing the data, U MannWhitney, chi-squared and independent t-tests were performed using SPSS version 21
Results: The findings showed that a significant difference between the patients’ intensity of pain in the three different states. In first session the mean ± SD of pain intensity was 5.50 ± 0.50 in the experimental group, 6.70±0.0256 in the control group (P < 0.001), in second session the mean ± SD of pain intensity was 545 ± 0.50 in the experimental group, 6.42±0.054 in the control group (P < 0.001), in third session the mean ± SD of pain intensity was 5. 45 ± 0.50 in the experimental group, 6. 37±0.50 in the control group (P < 0.001).
Conclusion: Considering the result of this study, positive effects of audio distraction technique on pain of the insertion of arteriovenous fistula in elderly patients undergoing hemodialysis were observed; it can be suggested that audio distraction technique is probably effective on reduction of pain during the insertion of dialysis needles in hemodialysis elderly patients and is recommended as a non-pharmacological intervention. Therefore, this method, as a no pharmacological intervention, is recommended to be applied by clinical nurses

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Introduction: Since the lack of social protection and the lack of monitoring of emotions can make the elderly a vulnerable part of the society, the present study aims to compare perceived social support and the difficulty of cognitive management of excitement among smokers and non-nursing elderly people. Smoker was done.
 Methods: This was a descriptive, causal-comparative type. The population of the study consisted of all non-resident elderly people in Kermanshah city in 1396. Available for sampling, 48 were smokers and 48 were non-smokers. Data collection tools include the Multidimensional Social Perception Scale of Zimm et al. (1988) & difficulty of emotional regulation by Graz and Roemer (2004) Questionnaire. For data analysis, multivariate analysis of variance analysis using SPSS_22 software was used.
Results: The results of the research showed that there is a significant difference between the elderly smoker and non-smoker in terms of benefiting from various social support (family, friends and other people) as well as how cognitive emotion is regulated, that is, Social status was lower in smoker less than the non-smoker group, while the amount of difficulty in cognitive-emotional regulation was significantly higher in smokers than non-smokers (P <0.001).
Conclusion: So, it can be said that there is a lack of perceived social support and difficulty in cognitive regulation of excitement in consumption or smoking among elderly people.

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Introduction: One of the main goals of public health is reducing the disability-related age in elderly. On the one hand, older women especially in the low social and economic class, more experience chronic diseases and disabilities therefore, it is important to be identified women at risk in order to improve their health according to their needs. Since the concept of health in elderly depends on the concept of active and inactive elderly therefore, in this study general health had been compared in active and inactive elderly women in Qom, Iran, 2018.
Methods: This analytical descriptive study was conducted by using cluster samplingon 100 elderly women in the city of Qom that 50 elderly people were active and 50elderly were inactive. Data were collected byusing four tools including: demographic questionnaire, Abbreviated Mental Test (AMTs) (To identify cognitive problems and remove samples), Instrumental Activity of Daily living (IADL) and General Health Questionnaire (GHQ28). The research instrument was completed by asking of elders and analyzed in SPSS 22 using Independent T-Test.
Results: In this study, there was significant difference between the active and inactive elderly women (P=0.004), the general health of active elderly women were better than inactive (active elderly women 32.24±9.22 and inactive 37.62±9.24).Also, the mean of anxiety, depression in inactive elderly was higher and there was a significant difference between the two groups (P <0.0001). However, there was no significant difference between the domains of physical signs and social functioning between the two groups.
Conclusions: With increasing the elderly in country's population, it is necessary to pay more attention to keeping older women active and provide educational, counseling and welfare facilities for the elderly in order to ensure the health of the elderly in all aspects.

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Introduction: Elderly affects their lifestyles and life satisfaction because of deprivation of social activity. Therefore, the aim of this study was to Investigate Life satisfaction and correlates in older adults attending West Health Center of Tehran.
Methods: The present study is a cross-sectional, descriptive correlation study. The research sample consisted of 200 elderly people attending West Health Center of Tehran through an accessible sampling method after obtaining written informed consent. The data collection tools consisting of a short form of AMT (Abbreviated Mental test) for cognitive test, a demographic Form, and Diener questionnaire (SWLS) for assessing life satisfaction. Data were analyzed by SPSS software version 20 using descriptive and inferential statistics including paired t-test and one way ANOVA.
Results: The results showed that the mean age of the elderly was 64.53 (SD = 3.95). So that 51% were women and 49% were male. About 39% of the elderly had a moderate life satisfaction. The results of the relationship between life satisfaction with employment, health status, hypertension, diabetes, arthritis, respiratory diseases and other diseases were statistically significant (P <0.05).
Conclusions: The results of the study showed that a significant percentage of the elderly were satisfied with their life, and it seems that in having a life satisfaction, some personal characteristics such as being old and married and having a job status and desirable health are considered as an important component. It should be considered in nursing care of the elderly. Therefore, the results of this research can be used to apply positive aspects of "life satisfaction" in improving the health of the elderly referring to the health center and realizing the concept of "healthy and active aging".
 

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Introduction: Self-management program, which is one of the methods of rehabilitation, emphasizes all care activities and the client has a central role. Its goal is to achieve maximum independence, self-decision and health improvement based on the person's abilities and lifestyle and the improvement of quality of life. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of self-management education on mental health promotion in old age women.
Methods: This research is a quasi-experimental, pre-test and post-test study with control and randomized control group. In this study, 76 elderly women referred to neighborhoods west of Tehran. They were randomly divided into intervention and control groups. The instrument of the study was demographic questionnaire and short-lived health behaviors scale (SRAHPS). It was studied in three periods of time (before intervention, one month and three months after the intervention). SPSS software version 16 was used for data analysis of demographic characteristics and purpose of the study. For data analysis of the demographic characteristics and the objective of the study were t-test, Chi-square and Fisher's exact test.
Results: The results of the research on the demographic characteristics of the studied groups showed that there were no significant differences between the two groups (intervention and control) in terms of individual characteristics, before the intervention, there was no significant difference between the two groups. There was no significant difference in the mental health of the two groups before the intervention (P-value = 0.81). In other words, the two groups were homogeneous before the intervention, but one month and three months after the intervention for health mental was significant (P-value = 0.001).
Conclusions: XXX.
 

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Introduction: Aging is associated with several health threats, including fall and fear of fall, as well as psychological, physical and social issues. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the depression, anxiety and stress and related factors in the elderly after orthopedic surgery. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine mental health status of the elderly with fall related orthopedic surgery.
Methods: The present study was a cross-sectional (correlation-descriptive) study that included 280 elderly people with fall related orthopedic surgery who were attended to selected educational centers of Iran University of Medical Sciences in 2018. The subjects were selected by Available sampling method. The data gathering tool was a short form of cognitive test (AMT), demographic profile form, and depression, anxiety and stress scale (DASS). The internal consistency coefficients of the three scales of depression, anxiety and stress were: 93.9, 90.9, and 92.9 respectively. The test-retest coefficients (with a three-week interval) of depression, anxiety and stress scales were: 0.88, 89.9, respectively. And 90. In addition, the intra-class correlation between two runs is equal to 87.78, 87.8. And 80. The conditions for entering the elderly were: age 60-75 years, cognitive capacity and ability to answer questions (AMT), lack of neurological disorders, communication ability and absence of mental illness. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics such as Independent T and Anova Unilateral in SPSS software version 20 at significance level P ≤ 0.05.
Results: The mean age of the elderly participated in this study was 69.51 ± 4.29 (SD = 4.29), 65% female and 35% male. Nearly half of the elderly had a mild to moderate depression (41.6%), about 47.9% had moderate anxiety and 23% had mild to moderate stress. In addition, each variable "stress, depression and anxiety" had a significant relationship with gender, education level, marital status and history of chronic diseases (P <0.05).
Conclusions: Considering the unfavorable outcomes of depression, anxiety and stress in the elderly, counseling programs during discharging and also the promotion of family and social support can provide a platform for health promotion and achieving healthy, successful and active aging Brought up.
 

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Background: The most common cause of elderly admission is cardiovascular disease and also, anxiety can cause nonspecific symptoms in over 80% of elderly people admitted to intensive care units that threaten their lives. On the other hand, using drugs to control it have physical side effects or drug dependency. Therefore, anxiety management is one of the most important nursing cares that can be managed by using non-pharmacological methods including aromatherapy.
Methods: This study was a semi experimental that was performed on 60 elderly admitted to cardiac intensive care units who had no cognitive impairment. Coin tossing was used for random allocation (selecting interventional and control group (and sampling was based on sequential and admission to the ward. Data collection tools were demographic information questionnaires, Abbreviated Mental Test and Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale which was completed before, first, second and third day of intervention for both groups with ethical considerations. The intervention in the interventional group was using of rose water for three consecutive nights. For data analysis, descriptive and inferential statistics (independent t-test and repeated measure) were used by SPSS software version 22.
Results: Before intervention, there was a significant difference between the two groups in anxiety (p <0.0001) and the two groups were not homogeneous. At the end of the intervention, the level of anxiety decreased in both groups, statistically significant (p <0.009). There was no significant difference between the anxiety score in the control group before and after the intervention (p = 0.321). But in the interventional group, the anxiety score decreased from the time interval before the intervention to the third day of intervention, which is statistically significant between the four periods (p <0.0001). A two-way test between time intervals showed that there was a significant difference between the anxiety score of all two time intervals (p <0.005).
Conclusion: Considering the aged population of the country and the prevalence of heart disease among them, it is necessary to pay attention to management of anxiety in the elderly, especially when admitted to the intensive care units. In addition, it is possible to use complementary medicine, and with respect to Iranian’s culture rose water is the cheapest and most commonly used fragrance available to reduce the anxiety of elderly.

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Introduction: The consequences of misconduct in societies are not well understood and vary depending on the social and cultural context of each country. Identifying the consequences of abuse from the point of view of elderly people who are abused can help the community in particular. This study is part of an extensive qualitative study aimed at explaining the consequences of abuse in the elderly.
Methods: This study is a qualitative study in which the conventional content analysis approach is used to collect and analyze data to explain the consequences of elder abuse. In this study, 20 elderly people living in the community were selected by purposeful sampling. The method of gathering information was conducted using in-depth semi-structured interviews in person and face to face. MAXQDA Version 10 software was used in this study to help with data management.
Findings: The results of the data analysis led to the identification of two categories of corruption and the threatened object that the corruption category had under the categories of kicked pride, exhaustion and distress.
Conclusion: Maltreatment of the elderly has different physical and psychological consequences, which may have psychological implications, as they may also have physical consequences. Recognition and awareness of the consequences can point to the devastating impact of abuse on the elderly and highlight efforts to preserve the dignity and self-esteem of the elderly.

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Introduction: In the world today, health care systems are confronted with the phenomenon of population movement toward aging. Alzheimer's is a growing disease, and aging is considered an important risk factor. Family caregivers face many challenges in caregiving that make them more susceptible to abuse the person with Alzheimer's. Considering to the needs and quality of life of caregivers and people with Alzheimer's is an important issue. The purpose of this study is to increase awareness in this regard by presenting relevant factors and investigating preventive factors and improving situation.
Methods: In this review study, the literature has been systematically searched using articles in English-language databases Web of Science, Pubmed, Scopus, and Persian-language databases SID and Magiran from the beginning to 2019. The keywords Alzheimer's, family caregiver, dementia, abuse and violence and their equivalent in Persian were used in this search. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, the articles were selected and entered into the study.
Results: A systematic review of 86 articles was selected. 17 articles were eligible to enter the study. The findings of this study showed that in Asian countries, the overall abuse rate among Alzheimer's patients was between 1.6% and 62.3%, mental abuse between 9.7% and 62.3% and physical abuse between 1.6% and 18%. In Western countries, overall abuse was reported between 5.4% and 51%, psychological abuse between 3.5% and 51% and physical abuse reported between 1.5% and 20%. Different factors are influenced by the caregiver (increased burden of care, depression, anxiety, social level and increased time of care) as well as factors by the caregiver (mental disorder, memory impairment and increased need for ADL).
Conclusions: The results show that by recognizing this issue and its effective factors in a timely manner and implementing programs to increase the ability and resilience of caregivers of Alzheimer's patients to meet the challenges encountered during care and implementing rehabilitation programs for people with Alzheimer's disease can be an important step in preventing abuse and improving conditions and thereby improve the quality of life of caregivers and people with Alzheimer's disease.
Keywords: Alzheimer's; family caregivers; abuse; systematic review
 

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Introduction: Providing long-term care to Alzheimer's patients is associated with increased risk of physical and mental illness for caregivers. The purpose of this study was to determine the burden of caregiving burden and to investigate the relationship between anxiety, depression and burden burden in caregivers of elderly patients with Alzheimer's disease.
Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 315 caregivers aged 20 to 85 years who had direct care of the elderly with Alzheimer's disease for at least 6 months were selected by voluntary sampling. Data collection was done in 1398. The research environment was the Alzheimer's Society of Iran. Data were collected by Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Caregiver Stress Inventory (CBI) and analyzed by SPSS version 22. Frequency percentages, independent T-test, ANOVA were used to achieve the research objectives.
Results: The majority of Alzheimer's caregivers endured moderate to severe care burden in this study, 209 (65.9%). The correlation between caregiver burden and anxiety (0.65) and depression (0.52) was significant (P <0.005). The level of anxiety and depression among most normal to mild caregivers were (71.9%) and (51.7%) respectively. (83%) estimated.
Conclusion: Given the significant relationship between anxiety and depression and burden of caregiving in this study, the health of caregivers of Alzheimer's elderly is an important health issue that needs serious consideration by health professionals and health care providers.
 

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Introduction: Elderly patients with end‑stage renal disease who undergoing hemodialysis confront the burdens of long‑term illness and numerous physical problems. The empowerment of these patient is based on individual`s partnership in treatment process. Since patients` participation in self-care activities requires self- efficacy and belief in their ability, so this study was conducted to determine the effect of self-management program based of self-empowerment on self-efficacy elderly patients undergoing hemodialysis.
Methods: This was a quasi‑experimental study. The elderly patients undergoing hemodialysis from Hasheminejad hospital who were selected by convenience sampling in two groups. Patients were assigned into an experimental group (n=48) and a control group (n=48). Pre-intervention, questionnaires were completed with interviews then
in the experimental group, self-management programs were conducted based self-empowerment. The control group received routine hospital and did not receive the intervention. Instrument comprised Sherers’ questionnaire. Data were collected y at baseline and at 4 weeks following the intervention in two groups. Data using SPSS 21 software and were analyzed with Chi-square, U MannWhitney, and T tests.
Results: The findings showed that the most of patients were male, married and retired. The mean age of patients was 69.42±8.39 years. The mean scores in all aspects of self-efficacy was higher in the group experimental after completion of intervention than the control group (P ≤ 0.001).
Conclusion: This study demonstrated that self-management program self- management program on the self-efficacy of elderly patients undergoing hemodialysis in the study period has effectiveness. There was a significant relation between self-efficacy and self- management program. Therefore, it is concluded that the diabetic individuals can be significantly improved following instruction by nurses.