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Introduction: The health care system and the method of teaching are very dynamic. Awareness of students learning styles provides information for teachers to observe the variation in training methods and help students to facilitate learning. The purpose of this study is to determination of the learning styles of nursing and midwifery students and its relationship with their educational achievement. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the undergraduate nursing and midwifery students of Tehran University of Medical Sciences in third and first academic year were investigated in 2008. Data were collected through the learning style questionnaire and demographic information. Gathered data were analyzed by statistical tests included t-test, 2 and kruscal – valis through SPSS software. Results: The dominant learning styles of students, is the diverging style. Significant relationship between their learning style and educational achievement was not observed. There was significant correlation between their learning style and average scores in general courses (P=0.045). Conclusion: Considering the dominant diverging styles and diversity in learning styles of nursing and midwifery students under study consideration of individual differences and different learning styles of students in designing various methods of teaching using the existing infrastructure facilities and information technology is proposed.

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Introduction: Nursing education is responsible for providing an environment to facilitate students learning and acquiring cognitive, affective and psychomotor skills. Nurses are now required to provide skilled, multidimensional care in multiple, often unfamiliar environments or settings. Consequently, nurses should be prepared to function as safe, competent, intuitive and innovative clinicians in an environment where new information and clinical situations are constantly changing. In the midst of a knowledge explosion in health care, students need to be provided with the tools and experiences that teach them how to think that promotes an understanding and an embracement of lifelong learning. This study was developed to determine and compare the nursing student's creativeness. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. The study was carried out in Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery Iran University of Medical Sciences. Study population was all of students enrolled in nursing four-year program 2009-2010 curriculum. Three hundred and twenty two students participated in this study by using the Abebi's creativity Test. The data was coded and analyzed using the SPSS. Mean creativity scores between students’ responses in different years were compared by ANOVA. Results: It was found that the mean score of the students’ creativity was 136.19±13.31. When compared to a normative sample of Iran, the subjects were above or similar for overall creativity totally and four subscales. When the mean score and number of years of education were considered, no statistically significant difference was found for overall creativity, fluency and originality (P>0.05). However the difference for mean scores of elaboration (F=3.35, P=0.019) and flexibility (F=2.82, P=0.039) was statistically significant. Conclusion: Nursing schools should establish proper, accepting, and trustable atmosphere in order to develop nursing student ̀s thinking, creativity, Self-centered learning abilities. This Atmosphere facilitates inquiry and questioning skills and improves unpredictable solutions in students and after that this critical skill will be improved. Revision the undergraduate educational program frequently according Nursing students’ creativity seems to be necessary.

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Introduction: Heart failure is one of the most common cardiovascular disorders. In this disease heart is disable to perfusion, insufficient perfusion lead to many symptoms in this patients. Each of these symptoms in some patients is deprived from the suitable sleep. Sleep is a vital and effective element in the health and quality of life in these patients. The purpose of this study is to assess of relationship between sleep quality and quality of life in patients with chronic heart failure. Methods: In this cross-correlation study, 200 patients with chronic heart failure in two teaching university hospital of Tehran university of medical sciences was selected using sampling with proportional allocation. Data were collected using from demographic questioner, Pittsburgh sleep quality index and Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire and then were analyzed using the SPSS software and statistical tests. Results: Sleep quality, with some aspects of health related quality of life including physical limitations (P<0.000), symptoms (P<0.001), social functioning (P<0.000), quality of life, (P<0.011) as well as general health related quality of life (P<0.000) has a significant relationship. Conclusion: Considering that sleep quality are associated with health-related quality of life. Community health care providers especially nurses had to more than before attention to sleep quality in these patients.

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Introduction: One of the main goals of bachelor's degree program in nursing produce graduates to meet the needs of the community and employment in various settings of health and medical care while after graduation in Iran recruitment of nurses in cancer nursing is difficult. It is important to understand why working in cancer areas is not popular. The aim of this study identifies Iranian undergraduate nursing students’ attitude and motivation toward employment in cancer settings after graduation. Method: A cross sectional study 2010 was carried out in three nursing schools. The participants were 469 nursing student who were in third and fourth year of their nursing education. Data was collected using self-completed questionnaires that their validity was substantiated by the results of the research from the perspective of experts in nursing and the reliability was measured through Cronbach Alpha Coefficient, the alpha coefficient of which was equal to 81% and then was analyzed by SPSS and by means of descriptive and inferential statistical methods. Results: Statistically significant difference was detected between gender, academic year, and clinical experience with cancer patient, and passing theory credit of cancer before practice. The independent Test also showed significant differences between the two academic years (P<0.05). The fourth year students had higher grades in the parts of emotion, feeling, behavior, and total score of attitude and motivation questionnaires than the other. Students who had not passed the cancer theory credit had higher grades in parts of behavior, attitude and motivational factors which with use of the independent t-test a statistically significant difference was seen (P<0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that nursing students have negative attitude towards working in cancer wards. The highest rank among motivational factors was the unusable theory trainings and the lowest rank was the disproportionate cancer theoretical course content with the real needs in the cancer ward. Changing these attitudes presents a significant challenge. Curricula need to be reviewed, and revise the content. Nursing schools and nursing educators must reconsider their performance and hospital managers must improve environment and working conditions of cancer settings.

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Introduction: Clinical learning environment have an important role in clinical learning of nursing students. Any differences between expected and actual clinical learning environment of nursing student result in reduce the interest of nursing students to clinical environment and decrease their clinical performance.The aim was to comparison the perception of nursing students regarding expected and actual clinical learning environment in medical-surgical wards. Method: This study was a descriptive cross-sectional and conducted in first semester of 2009-2010 educational years. In this study 217 baccalaureate nursing student from Iran nursing & midwifery faculty participated. The researcher appeared in the student’s clinical learning placement at last day, and after produce necessary information about purpose of study, both of versions of questionnaire give to students contemporaneously, and collected after completion. For data collection, clinical learning environment inventory was used that contain 42 item in six areas. Data was analyzed by SPSS software using descriptive and inferential statistic. Results: The paired t test showed that there were statistical differences between actual and expected perception on nursing students regarding clinical learning environment. Conclusion: The results of this study showed, nursing students haven’t positive perception of the clinical learning environment and their perception of actual clinical learning environment to differ from expected clinical learning environment.

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Introduction: Improvement in technology has resulted in sedentary lifestyle with increasing risk of non communicable diseases. Identifying physical activity level and its associated beliefs in adolescent girls can facilitate the planning of programs for improving health promotion. Method: This study is a cross-sectional descriptive analytical research that was conducted through multistep randomized sampling in 636 student from 7 public middle school of Rafsanjan city. Data were collected via a 3 part questionnaire (demographic, level of physical activity over the last 7 days and beliefs regarding exercise). Data analysis was performed using SPSS software (version 16) and including descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, …) and deductive statistics (t-test, ANONA). Results: About 52% of students had inadequate physical activity. Only 4.2% had adequate physical activity. This study found that there was a significant relationship between physical activity level and the level of parents´ education (P=0.019 and P=0.044). There were no significant relationship between physical activity and age, BMI, economic status of family and employment status of parents (P>0.05). In addition results showed that majority of students were strongly agree with the encourage role of teacher of physical educations (71.1%) parent (61%) and athletes (59.7%). Conclusion: Given the importance of physical activity in adolescent girls, health policy makers should make appropriate measures through education and counseling to encouraging this vulnerable group and their parents to do appropriate physical activity and having active life style to promote community health.

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Introduction: Patients with ischemic heart disease always face to risk of another heart attack, so they must endure long term medical treatment. This kind of treatment is possible due to active cooperation of the patients themselve. to play an active role, the patients must be well prepared. The purpose of this research is the study of the effect of instruction and performance of self management program on therapeutic adherence in patient with ischemic heart disease. Method: The study is a randomized controlled trial(RCT) which contains 60 patients who are admitted in Critical Care Unit wards. Who enterd in the study very easily, then divided randomaly into two equal control and experimental groups. All samples were examined with pretest demographic and therapeutic adherence questionnaire at first and then in addition to receive the usual care, the experimental group will participate in the workshop of self management program, during the first week after discharging. Then, it was followed up by phone once a week for 8 weeks. Finally 4 weeks after the last call, the questionnaire of therapeutic adherence were fulfilled again be all samples and it was used statistical test Chi-square test, Fisher exact test, Independent t test and paired t test for analysis. Results: According to findings, there is no meaningful statistical difference due to demographic characteristic and therapeutic adherence between two groups of examination before interference. But after that, based on instructions of self management program, adherence of therapy increased in a meaningful way (p-value<0.001). Conclusion: The result shows that the instruction of self management programs make better adherence of therapy in patients with ischemic heart disease.

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Introduction: The aging population is Probably the most important demographic phenomenon at the end of the twentieth century and the beginning of the twenty-first century. Having independence in that period that leads to more satisfaction and a sense of personal control better and finally promote sense of worth and dignity of the elderly. This study aimed to explore the concept of independence in maintain the dignity and older adults, was conducted a content analysis approach.

Method: This study used purposeful sampling and semi-structured interviews. The statistical sample included 15 old people living in Tehran city in 2013. In order to analyze the data, typed interviews texts were transferred into MAXQDA software and coded by the software.

Results: Based on the analysis of the study data, the extracted themes in relation to the concept of independence in maintain the dignity Elderly consisted of three sub-themes including physical ability, financial independence, and not being a burden to others.

Conclusion: The themes indicate that: provide comprehensive requirements for maintaining the independence of older adults, to raise the morale and maintain human dignity, he seems essential. . Since the present study represents the understanding of human dignity by maintaining the independence of the elderly experience Could be result in to the development of strategies of support from family members, health care providers and policy makers 

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 Background: perception of disease is effective on behaves, Coping with the disease, Self-regulatory and generally on result of the disease. Health interventions based  perception of the disease can be useful in improving the health and well-being of the patient. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of education based on the Leventhal model on on perception of disease in diabetic patients.
Methods: This is a clinical trial study performed on diabetic patients referred to diabetes mellitus clinic in Quchan. A total of 80 patients were selected randomly, taking into account entry and exit criteria, and then randomly assigned to two groups of control and intervention. Data were collected from a checklist of demographic data and disease characteristics and the perception of the disease (IPQ-R) questionnaire before and after intervention in both groups. The intervention group during the two sessions was trained based on the Leventhal model. The subjects were evaluated three months after the intervention and the results were analyzed by SPSS 22, T test and chi-square test.
Results: The mean of the total perception of the disease in the intervention group before the intervention was 94.33 ± 12.91, which was 121.47 ± 9.72 after the intervention. In the control group, this level was 93.65 ± 14.78 before intervention and after intervention the mean was 93.05 ± 14.19 and this difference was statistically significant (p <0.05).
Conclusion: According to the results of this study, diabetic patients find better understanding of their disease after intervention, and this may lead to better treatment and reduce the complications of diabetes in patients.

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Introduction: Gender disorder or sexual dysfunction is a complex psychological problem and these patients are more vulnerable to psychological problems, such as anxiety due to gender issues and pressures on them. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of empowerment baced education on the anxiety of transgene patients under hormone therapy.
Methods: The present study is a randomized clinical trial with 87 transgender patients in 1397 affiliated with the Tehran Welfare Center. The samples were selected based on inclusion. After explaining about goals and obtaining written consent, patients were randomly assigned to two groups of intervention and control. Demographic information questionnaires and Spiel berger's anxiety and history questionnaires were completed by both groups. In the intervention group, educated based on empowerment-based education (perception of threat, problem solving, training participation, and evaluation). For 3 months, follow up was conducted once a week by phone. In the experimental group 3 months after the intervention, and in the control group 3 months after completing the initial questionnaire by completing the questionnaires, the results were analyzed by using SPSS software version 24 and by descriptive ststistics, independent t-test, paired t-test and Fisher's Exact Test. P<0.05 was considered meaningful.
Results: According to the findings, there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of demographic characteristics and disease records before the intervention (P>0.05). After intervention, it was revealed that there was a significant difference between the two groups in the mean of apparent anxiety (P = 0.045). However, there was no significant difference in the mean of anxiety anxiety between the two groups (P = 0.731).
Conclusions: Based on the findings of this study, education had effect on clients' apparent anxiety; so it is suggested that educational nursing interventions should be designed and implemented to reduce the anxiety of these patients based on empowerment model.
 

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Introduction: Parenting quality is a major cause of growth and development in children, but its inappropriateness along with the familial conflict and the lack of warm and positive relationship with parents in Roma families, called the Gorbat groups, leads to the psychological, physical and social problems in the child future. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of peer parenting skill training on the parent/child relationship.
Methods: In this randomized controlled clinical trial (RCT) before and after the intervention, 60 parents (mothers) with 6-12 year-old children, who were studying at Sobherouyesh School (for child labor) and had the eligibility for inclusion in the research, were randomly selected from Roma families (Gorbats) living in Harandi Square of Tehran City in the year 2016 (based on the sample size formula for inclusion in the controland intervention group with random allocation). Parent-child relationship scale questionnaire relating to the mother was the data collection tool which was collected by children with the help of researchers before, after and 6 months after the intervention. Furthermore, the demographic questionnaire before the intervention was completed to collect data from mothers with the help of researchers. Five mothers were selected as peers according to the peer selection criterion in the present study and trained. After recognizing their abilities to present the content, by psychologist of group, the trained peer group taught mothers in the intervention group. For intervention, mothers were divided into 6 groups each which was allocated to a peer for training. Regarding the fact that sessions were weekly, each group received training a day per week, and the intervention was completed in two months. The researchers and psychologists of group also attended in sessions which held by peers. Parenting skills were taught to them based on the positive parenting program, which was run in four weekly 2-hour workshops by group discussion and role play along with four weekly 2-hour sessions simultaneous with cooking, regular sessions in mother s houses for breakfast or during pilgrimage tours, by researchers for peers. The control group did not receive any training. Data analysis was done using SPSS software, independent and paired t-tests, Chi-square test.
Results: The independent t-test indicated that the mean score of parent-child relationship in the mother form was significantly different in two groups after and 6 months after the intervention (P<0.05).
Conclusions: The results indicated that the peer parenting training affected the improvement of mother- child relationship in itinerant families, but this group still needed further and ongoing training intervention in the field of parenting and child care especially by persons who have necessary knowledge in this field as professional pediatric nurses.
 

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Background:  Chest tube installation leads to several complications including pain and anxiety which in this case can become serious and affect the quality of life. Since non-pharmacological interventions can be used instead of drugs.
Methods: This study is designed as a non-randomized clinical trial with control group. A total number of 81 were divided into 41 as intervention group and 40 as control group with convenient sampling method. Pain and anxiety lead from having chest tube were measured once daily in both control and intervention groups. Interventions including chest physiotherapy, pursed-lip breathing and upper limb exercises were performed after sampling in control group was finished. Sampling was done within total time of almost 7 months. Data gathering tools were visual analog scale (VAS) for pain and anxiety. Data were analyzed using SPSS v.16.
Results: There was a significant difference between mean scores of pain (P<0.05) and anxiety (P<0.05) among intervention and control group after performing interventions which were lower in the intervention group.
Conclusion: Since performing concurrent respiratory workout and mobility exercises had a positive effect on reducing pain and anxiety in post-operative lung cancer surgery patients with chest tube, results can be used to reduce these complications in those patients.

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Introduction: Diabetes is one of the most common chronic diseases that causes many physical and psychological complications. The most common psychological side effects in patients with diabetes are depression and anxiety. Hospital discharge is one of the most important causes of anxiety in clients. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of implementing a training program during discharge on the anxiety of clients with diabetes mellitus at the time of discharge.
Methods: The clinical trial was conducted on eighty diabetic clients who were to be discharged from the hospital in Ayatollah Hashemi Rafsanjani Hospital in Shirvan in 1398. Clients entered the study using purposeful sampling method and were randomly assigned to the intervention and control using the blocks of four method. To the patients of the intervention group, the designed discharge program was given in the form of a booklet and oral explanations were done face to face and the clientschr('39') questions were answered by the researcher for half an hour. The control group received only routine ward training. Beck anxiety questionnaire was used to assess clients’ anxiety half an hour after being informed of the discharge order and half an hour after the intervention. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS v.25 software.
Results: There was no significant difference between two groups before the intervention regarding demographic factors. Before the intervention, the mean anxiety score of individuals in the intervention group was 30.75 and in the control group was calculated 33.3 (P = 0.023). After the intervention, the average anxiety score of individuals in the intervention group was 8.82 and in the control group was 32.4, which is statistically significant difference between the two groups (0.001>P).
Conclusion: Implementing training program during discharge from hospital can reduce anxiety during discharge from hospital in clients with diabetes mellitus.

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Introduction: Communicating effectively with mechanically ventilated patients is difficult and challenging which can have a serious impact on the quality of nursing care. Communication board is one of the tools to communicate with these patients. In this study, we intended to investigate the effect of using a communication board on the communication dimension of perceived quality of nursing care in mechanically ventilated patients.
Methods: This randomized clinical trial was performed in the intensive care units of Imam Khomeini Hospital in Tehran. 60 patients were randomly divided into control and experimental groups. The instruments were used included two questionnaires of demographic characteristics and quality of nursing care questionnaire (Qualpacs) to measure the quality of nursing care in the communication dimension. In the intervention group, a communication board was used to communicate with the patient and in the control group, communication was done routinely. After the intervention, the Qualpacs questionnaire was completed by the research units. SPSS version 24 was used for statistical analysis.
Results: There was no significant difference in demographic characteristics between the two groups (P>0.05). The mean score of perceived nursing care quality in the intervention group was significantly higher than the control group (19.06±3.7 vs 12.9±2.61). 96.7% of patients in the intervention group had optimal to ideal satisfaction with nursing care, while only 66.7% of patients in the control group had good satisfaction with the quality of care. (p <0/001).
Conclusion: The results of this study show that using a communication board in mechanically ventilated patients leads to an increase in the perceived quality of nursing care in the communication dimension.

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Background: High-risk behaviors are one of the challenges of adolescence and can become lifelong habits. Existing educational strategies in the prevention of high-risk behaviors have been challenged. Therefore, this study aims to determine the effect of peer education on the prevention of high-risk behaviors in adolescent girls. Done.
Method: The present study is a randomized clinical trial. In this study, 120 girls from the south of Tehran were selected and then randomly assigned to the control and intervention groups. The tools used in this study were demographic questionnaire and high-risk adolescent behaviors 18 It was 15 years before the intervention and also 6 weeks after the intervention was completed by students. The test group received educational intervention for the prevention of high-risk behaviors by their peers twice a week for four sessions. SPSS version 16 were analyzed.
Results: The results showed that before the intervention, there was no significant difference between the scores of high-risk behaviors in the experimental and control groups (P = 0.95); While after the intervention, the mean changes were -5.22 47 2.47 in the experimental group and -0.40 1 1.23 in the control group. The independent t-test showed; There were significant differences in high-risk behaviors between the experimental and control groups (P <0.001).
Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, peer education has been effective in preventing high-risk behaviors in adolescent girls. Therefore, health policy makers and planners are advised to use this method to implement an effective educational program to promote adolescent health-related behaviors.

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Background : Due to the complexities of self-care in the elderly with chronic kidney failure, with information based on scientific evidence and appropriate health planning, the elderly with self-care and self-management of the disease from others will lead to a healthier life and a better quality of life. Therefore, this study aimed to determine self-care in the elderly with chronic renal failure referred to selected educational and medical centers of Iran University of Medical Sciences in 1399.
Procedure: This study was a cross-sectional (descriptive) study. The study population was the elderly with chronic renal failure referred to selected educational and medical centers of Iran University of Medical Sciences. Two hundred ninety-two people initially stratified sampling with proportional allocation, and Then the continuous method was used in the centers. Data were collected using the short cognitive test form (AMT), demographic form, and Chronic Kidney Disease Self-Care Scale (CKDSC). Data analysis was performed using SPSS software version 20 in two sections, descriptive statistics, and inferential statistics, and the significance level of the test was considered p≥0.05.
Results: The results showed that the mean age of the elderly participating in this study was 69.3 ± 7.7 years. The mean of self-care in the elderly was 66.20 ± 6.06, and the highest score was for better self-care. It should be noted that the questionnaire did not have a poor, average, or good rating. 61.3% of the elderly received more than average self-care and 38.7 less than average. According to the maximum score of 72 in the present study, the elderly had good self-care. Among the demographic characteristics, the level of self-care had a significant relationship with the variables of employment status (0.001 ≥p), Duration of illness (p = 0.01), and gender (0.002). Among the demographic characteristics, the level of self-care had a significant relationship with the variables of employment status (0.001 ≥p), Duration of illness (p = 0.01), and gender (0.002), and the variables of employment status were one of the most effective roles for self-care 
Conclusion: According to the results, it can be acknowledged that employment status, Duration of education disease, and the number of conditions are the underlying variables affecting self-care in the elderly were studied. Therefore, it is necessary to consider demographic variables in educational and counseling planning that can be intervened to increase the self-care of the elderly with chronic renal failure. It contributed to their health and quality of life.
 

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Introduction: Improving the quality of nursing care is one of the most challenging issues in recent years in the health system. Perhaps one of the factors affecting the quality of nursing care is the ability of nurses to increase control over improving and maintaining health,
 This study aimed to determine the relationship between health promoting behaviors and quality nursing care in nurses of Tehran University of Medical Sciences, was conducted in 1399.
Methods : This cross-sectional study was a descriptive-correlational study. The research population included all nurses working in departments of Imam Khomeini Hospital complex affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences, except for special departments, emergency room and operating room and their patients. Finally, 200 nurses were selected using quota and random sampling method and 600 patients were selected using available sampling method based on the entry criteria from September to November 2019. Data were collected and analyzed with using of demographic questionnaire, International Health Promoting Behavior Questionnaire (HPLP-II) and researcher-made questionnaire on the quality of nursing care (from the patient's perspective) and with the help of SPSS software version 16 in two sections: descriptive statistics and inferential statistics
Results: . In general, from the point of view of more than half of the patients,  57.3% , the quality of nursing care was good. The mean total score of health-promoting behaviors was (128/93±22/45). The highest mean score was obtained in the dimension of "responsibility" (2.89 ± 0.51) and the lowest mean score was obtained in the dimension of "physical activity" (1.89 ± 0.72).  The mean total score of nursing care quality was (3.10 ± 0.45). The highest mean score was obtained in the field of "nursing ethics" (3.27 ± 0.52) and the lowest mean score was obtained in the field of "patient education" (2.88 ± 0.68). Finally, health-promoting behaviors only in the dimension of nutrition had a statistically significant correlation with the quality of nursing  in the dimension of nursing   ethics (ρ = 0.027), which was a negative correlation.
Conclusion:  In general, there was no statistically significant relationship between health-promoting behaviors and the quality of nursing care, and the quality of nursing care was good from the patients' point of view. Also, in other results, due to the low physical activity of nurses, it is necessary to implement health education programs with emphasis on physical activity among them. Given that, the patient education had the lowest score. More time plans should be devoted to education and emphasis on the importance of this issue and its impact on accelerating the healing process and reducing the complications of the disease.

 

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Nutritional support is one of the main pillars of care in patients under mechanical ventilation due to acute conditions and low level of consciousness. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of two methods of enteral feeding, bolus and continuous, on laboratory indicators and the incidence of diarrhea in patients under mechanical ventilation.
method: It was a randomized clinical trial study. The research population was made up of all intubated patients under mechanical ventilation of Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and 34 patients from the special care department were randomly assigned to two intervention and control groups based on their case number. Consent was obtained from patients' companions to participate in the study. The intervention group was fed by continuous feeding method and the control group was fed by routine method (Bolus) for one week. Laboratory indicators (albumin and lactate) were measured at the beginning of the intervention and also one week after the intervention, glucose every 6 hours and frequency of diarrhea were measured and in the basic information registration sheet, the laboratory index registration and the frequency of defecation sheet, were recorded. Tables of descriptive statistics and results of statistical tests and SPSS software version 20 were used to describe the data.
Results: There was no significant difference between the changes in albumin and lactate levels in the two groups before and after the intervention (P<0.05). Although the amount of lactate in both groups decreased significantly after the intervention compared to before. Also, except for the first day, there was no significant difference between the two groups in any of the intervention days (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the frequency of diarrhea between the two groups during one week (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Considering the lack of significant differences between the effects of these two nutritional methods on laboratory indicators, the use of a method that is safer and more affordable can be the priority of the nutritional method of these patients; Although it is recommended to start feeding as soon as possible in these patients to reduce the lactate level.


 

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Introduction: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between pregnant women's anxiety and their knowledge and attitude about COVID-19.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 458 pregnant women in Tehran between 2020 and 2021. The research tools included a researcher-made questionnaire and Beck's standard anxiety questionnaire. Questionnaires were provided to pregnant women through social networks and data were analyzed using SPSS software.
Resualts: In this study, the average scores of women's knowledge and attitude about Corona infection were 18.22±5.13 and 4.62±2.61, respectively, and their anxiety score was 11.14±6.46. There was a statistically significant relationship between the average score of awareness with mother's age; the average score of attitude with mother's education and spouse's education and employment; and the average score of anxiety with mother's age, the number and weeks of pregnancy and the type of previous births. Anxiety and awareness (P=0.15 and attitude (P=0.97) had no statistically significant relationship, but the two variables of awareness and attitude had a significant positive correlation (P=0.004). Social media (60.9%) and social networks (43.4%) were the most commmen sources of COVID-19 information.
Conclusion: This study showed that there was a moderate awareness and attitude about COVID-19 among pregnant women in Tehran and their level of anxiety had increased compared to before the pandemic. From the results of this study, government could identify the needs of pregnant women at the time of pandemics, and by introducing and providing correct information resources, it can increase the awareness and attitude of them about the pandemic, reduce their anxiety and improve their pregnancy outcomes.
 

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Background There are several researches which indicated the effect of various variables on the severity of menopause symptoms in women. However, the role of self-knowledge, life satisfaction, psychological readiness, taste, aesthetic sense, self-efficacy and hope in women as an integrated model has been neglected. Menopause is a new period of women's life, in order to adapt and understand the changes resulting from it, the level of awareness and knowledge of women, family members and of course society should be increased. Considering the effects of variable dimensions of happiness on the severity of menopause symptoms, it seems that a more detailed examination of the psychological aspects of menopause is useful and important. This study was conducted with the aim of determining happiness and severity of menopausal symptoms in menopausal women referring to rural health centers in Saveh city.
Method: his descriptive By receiving the code of ethics on IR.IUMS.REC.1402.112 on 02/24/1402 as- analitical cross-sectional study was conducted in 1402, 440 postmenopausal women referred to rural health centers and health homes in Saveh city were selected by quota method with proportional allocation. Demographic information form, Oxford Happiness Questionnaire and Heinemann et al. Menopause Symptoms Severity Questionnaire were completed by women participating in the research. In this study, half an hour of time was allocated for each participant, and full oral explanations were given on how to fill in the questionnaires. The participants filled out their questionnaires after receiving them, at home or in a private room, during fifty days, every ten days, and each time for 30 minutes, time was set to fill these questionnaires. After the given time, the questionnaires were collected. Data analysis was done using descriptive statistical methods, Pearson correlation tests and multivariate regression by spss24 software..
Results: The results showed that all articles have a positive and significant correlation with the severity of menopause symptoms. The research findings show that there was a negative and significant correlation between "happiness" and "menopause symptom severity" at the 0.01 level. (self-concept, p<0.001 and r=-0.338), (satisfaction with life, p<0.001 and r=-0.3), (mental readiness, p<0.001 and r=-0.286), (being in good taste, p<0.001 and r=-0.217), (aesthetic, p<0.001 and r=-0.296), (self-efficacy, p<0.001 and
 r=-0.295), (Hopefully, p<0.001 and r=-0.204). Therefore, the hypothesis was zero and with 99% confidence, there was a negative and significant relationship between self-concept, life satisfaction, psychological readiness, enjoyment, aesthetic feeling, self-efficacy, and hope with the severity of menopausal symptoms in menopausal women. That is, as the severity of menopause symptoms increases, happiness also decreases..
Conclusion: It seems that happiness and its dimensions can play an effective role as a functional variable in the severity of menopause symptoms in women and their quality of life. As it turned out, happiness dimensions had a significant correlation with the severity of menopause symptoms. Considering the lack of sufficient studies in this field, in this research, the dimensions of happiness were investigated and its relationship with the severity of menopause symptoms was used. Therefore, the results of this study can be used in training to increase the level of happiness in menopausal women in order to effectively reduce the severity of menopausal symptoms and improve the lifestyle of these women in research environments.